Project Work Essay Example for Free

Project Work EssayHindus around the world go away observe the hundred-and-fiftieth present anniversary of Swami Vivekananda with special prayers, meditation, devotional songs, and religious discourses on January 12, 2013. Swamijis tolerateday is also hold as Indias National spring chicken Day that is commemorated with processions, youth conventions, seminars, yoga, sports, and other cultural activities. To mark Swami Vivekananda hundred-and-fiftieth birth anniversary course of instruction (January 2013-January 2014) many organizations are gearing up to hold the event a commodious with gazillions of devotees of the Swami across of the world. The Ramakrishna maths and Ramakrishna Mission have already taken up a number of important service projects which were dear to Swami Vivekananda. These projects include integrated child development, empowerment of women, and alleviating p overty. Besides, the Mission will produce icons and distribute books on the subject of Swami Vivekananda to various libraries and will hold national and international seminars in various places on Swami Vivekanandas contribution to Indian and international cultures.The RK Math and Mission will do a live telecast of the rejoicings which will be held at its Headquarters Belur Math in the Howrah district of West Bengal, India. It has launched a special commemorative website that aims to hatful aside a glimpse into the various facets of the life and teachings of Swami Vivekananda. The Malaysian government also released a commemorative postal stamp to mark the occasion last year. A variety of activities is in the offing to commemorate Swamijis immense contribution to the making of India as a nation. The occasion the hundred-and-fiftieth birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda.Gopalkrishna Gandhi is a former Governor of West Bengal. His tribute was commissioned by The Hindu on the occasion of the 150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda. The 150th birthday of Swami Vivekan anda (12 January 2013) was celebrated all over India and in different countries of the world. Ministry of Youth affairs Sports of India decided to observe 2013 as the year of 150th Birth Anniversary of Swami Vivekananda. Year-long events and programs were organised by different branches of Ramakrishna Math, Ramakrishna Mission, central government and different state governments of India, education institutions, youth groups etc.Bengali exact director Tutu (Utpal) Sinha made a ingest- The Light Swami Vivekananda, as a tribute to Swami Vivekananda on his 150th birth anniversary. In 2011 Malaysian government introduced a postal stamp to mark the occasion. Ministry of Youth Affairs Sports of India decided to observe 2013 as the year of 150th Birth Anniversary of Swami Vivekananda. The Union Human Resources and growing Ministry and the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) of India asked all schools to celebrate birth anniversary of Vivekananda in schools to renew the interes ts of school children in the works and ideals of Vivekananda.A senior CBSE educational official told in statement The NCERT officials utter that the council is preparing a supplementary book containing the thoughts of 15 great thinkers of India. The expert committee for schoolbook development will endeavour to include names not included so far, subject to the load of syllabus and textbook material on children, remaining within acceptable limits. Political parties of Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka venerated Vivekananda at different functions and events across the metropolis.Tamil Nadu Chief Minister Jayalalithaa told the life and teachings of Vivekananda has been a great inspiration to her and she considers Vivekananda as her political teacher. She sanctioned a fund of 20 million (US $370,000) on behalf of the Tamil Nadu government for the welfare of Vivekananda Cultural Centre of the state. In 2012, a 3-day World Congress of Religions conference was organised by the land of World Religions of the Washington kali Temple, Burtonsville, Maryland, in association with the Council for A Parliament of World Religions, Chicago, Illinois to commemorate birthday of Swami Vivekananda.The event commemorates the 150th birth anniversary of Indias visionary monk, Swami Vivekananda, who addressed the Parliament of Worlds Religions in Chicago in September 1893, passionately calling for both tolerance and universal acceptance as a avenue to eliminate the evils of sectarianism, bigotry and fanaticism and engage all the worlds religious and spiritual association leaders in efforts to forge a new global civil society.A bilingual frivol away The Light Swami Vivekananda was made in India as tribute to Swami Vivekananda on his 150th birth anniversary. The director of the film Tutu Sinha told in an interview I have always wanted to make a film on Swami Vivekananda. Bengali theatre group Lokkrishti staged a drama Biley to commemorate the birth anniversary. Bengali theatre a ctor Debshankar Haldar played the role of Swamiji in this drama. Celebration in Chicago, Illinois, USA Chicago celebrated Swami Vivekanandas 150th birth anniversary on a grand scale.Chicago immortalizes Swami Vivekananda with many divide monuments like Swami Vivekananda Vedanta Society of Chicago and Sri Ramakrishna oecumenic Temple in Homer Glen, a larger-than-life size bronze statue of Swami Vivekananda and the Vivekananda Spiritual Centre at the Hindu Temple of Greater Chicago in Lemont, a bronze plaque at the Art Institute of Chicago commemorating his historic address at the Worlds Parliament of Religions. The City of Chicago has also immortalized Swami Vivekananda by naming a long stretch of prestigious downtown marketplace Michigan Avenue.The stretch in front of the Art Institute has been named as Swami Vivekananda Way. Swami Vivekanandas 150th birth anniversary is being celebrated in India and all over the world on January 12, 2013. The government of India has originally p lanned to celebrate the birth anniversary for a year and launched it on January 12, 2012, but the jubilancy has been extended for two years ending on January 12, 2014. The government of India has set up a National Committee on a lower floor the chairmanship of the Prime Minister and a National performance Committee under the chairmanship of the Finance Minister and released Rs. 00 crore to the Ramakrishna Math and the Ramakrishna Mission in Belur for the celebration.It also established in 2012 a new visiting professorship in Indian studies with a gift of $1. 5 million at University of Chicago to commemorate the legacy of spiritual leaders Swami Vivekananda. In India, the Ramakrishna Math and the Ramakrishna Mission, and Vivekananda Kendra and the Rock recollection in Kanyakumari, and other organizations are planning to celebrate the occasion for one year from January 12, 2013. On that day, Dr. human Mohan Singh will also release a movie shot at Sri Ramakrishna Universal Temple i n Homer Glen in the USA and other historic places in Chicago connected with the life of Swami Vivekananda. In Chicago, the 150th birth anniversary of Vivekananda will be celebrated with major functions to be held at Sri Ramakrishna Universal Temple in Homer Glen and at the nearby Hindu Temple of Greater Chicago in Lemont. Other official celebrations are expected to be held at the Art Institute of Chicago and the University of Chicago. check to an Indian Embassy official in Washington, the Consulate General of India in Chicago is coordinating with all the institutions in the city with the support of the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) and Indias Ministry for Culture. Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh-USA (HSS-USA) has also chalked out an elaborate year-long celebration with a series of programs involving children, the youth and the elderly. The theme of the celebration is Universal peace through Dharma and Yoga, which is the message of Swami Vivekananda. art object the newly-built Sri Ramakrishna Universal Temple of Vivekananda Vedanta Society of Chicago in Homer Glen, with its serene ashram-like ambience, plans to celebrate the 150th birth anniversary after Arti on January 12, 2013, in the Hindu Temple of Greater Chicago complex, where the imposing statue of Swami Vivekananda stands under a beautifully decorated canopy and the newly constructed and Indianized Vivekananda Spiritual Centre are located, will celebrate the event for two days January 12 and 13.The other events being planned during the yearlong celebration, include conferences to be addressed by scholars and senior monks of the Ramakrishna Mission from around the world a mini-parliament of religions with participation of representatives from various faiths a program in honour of Swami Vivekananda at the Art Institute of Chicago a bus while of places associated with Swami Vivekananda a lecture by Asim Chaudhuri, author of Swami Vivekananda in Chicago publication of a calendar featuring photograp hs of Swami Vivekananda and development about his life a display on the people and places associated with Swami Vivekananda in Chicago a move book with colour photos of the places associated with Swami Vivekananda in Chicago and framing and installing panels on life of Swami Vivekananda. Celebration in Pakistan Pakistani Hindus celebrated 150th birth anniversary of Vivekananda. The brewing Indo-Pak tension was no dampener for the Hindus in Pakistan who celebrated the 150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda with cultural programmes and religious quiz rivals. President of Pakistan Hindu Seva benefit Trust (PHSWT) Sanjesh S.Dhanja told TOI that they held a function at Radha Krishna temple, Steel Town, about 60km from Karachi, to mark the occasion. There are actually few Hindus in Pakistan who know about the legendary spiritual leader so we decided to celebrate his birth anniversary to generate awareness, say Dhanja. Detailed lectures on the life and teachings of Vivekananda were delivered and a quiz competition was held. Patron of PHSWT Mukhi Odha Mal said, This is first gear of its kind programme ever held in Pakistan on Vivekananda since Partition and I dictum a lot of enthusiasm among the Hindu community especially the younger generation. Priest of temple Ramesh Kumar Acharya said that young children were highly impressed by the teachings of Swami Vivekananda. Now it is one of our missions to make birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda an one-year affair in Pakistan he said. Sanjesh said that on the occasion they also held 2nd Bhagwat Gita Quiz Competition. The first such competition was held in the month of June 2012. Sanjesh said, A Hindu, Baboo Kothari, who had arrived to participate in the birth celebration function of Swami Vivekananda, coming all the way from Mitti in Sindh was so much impressed with the function that he announced to hold birth celebration function of Swami Vivekananda in Hanuman Temple every year. Reacting on the brewing tension between India and Pakistan, Sanjesh said, Our aim is to spread the message of peace.

Energy Society Essay Example for Free

Energy fraternity EssayThe Kyoto protocolThe official name of the Protocol is The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It is an agreement by 165 countries for mandatory targets for the reduction of the worlds greenhouse throttle emissions. These gasescarbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and several fluorinated gases are believed to contri stille significantly to orbiculate warming.The targets of the Protocol are in the first place industrialized countries, which are expected to reduce their combined emissions to 95% of 1990 emission levels between 2008 and 2012. The Protocol was concord on in 1997, although it only took effect in 2005.Between the years 1990 and 2000, the overall emissions of industrialized countries piss been reduced by 3%, but largely because of the drastic reduction of emissions from former Soviet countries because of their weakness economies. Other industrialized countries overall had an increase of 8% emissi ons. It is estmated that emissions from industrialized countries will be 10% higher up 1990 emission levels by the year 2010.For industrialized countries, the emission reduction target of the Kyoto Protocol is only most 5%, and many climate scientists are concerned that this is not enough to curb the effects of global warming. They believe that in order for the agreement to actually help solve the line of work, the emission rates would be cut down by 60%. This has led to the opinion that the agreement lacks real value, more so without US backing. However, advocates believe that the Protocol lays out the groundwork for future negotiations. Emission reduction laws were already gestural in many countries and would continue to take effect make up when the Protocol itself has ceased to exist.Happy Kyoto Day http//www.worldchanging.com/ biography/002119.htmlThis site has an unusual approach to the problem of determining the Kyoto communications communications protocols merit. Accordi ng to the author, In and of itself, the Kyoto treaty wont solve global warming or avert disastrous climate disruption. The author states that the protocol is essentially a catalyst. It will put the world in an environmentally aware mindseteven if the Kyoto protocol fails, it will force the world to come up with something better. It will also encourage economic changes that strive towards greater efficiency and sustainability. Lastly, the protocol is a symbol, a conscious step in the estimable direction for the planet. Kyoto global warming good stuff or part of a dark confederacy to rein the world? http//uspolitics.tribe.net/thread/e4978f31-0439-4b70-bbf3-f0ce93a09a42According to this site, global warming alarmism is indeed the m other(a) of all environmental scares. The author states that it is definitely not settled whether human activity has had any significant effect on global warming global warming is a theory, not a fact. Some effects of the Kyoto protocol would include impoverishing the USA and creating intense disaffection within the ranks of the working classes. Basic necessities would become very expensive. electrical energy would double in cost, fuel would skyrocket. Lastly, the author claims that the Kyoto protocol is a political device to lead the friendly Communists closer to world dominion.One of the worst effects that global warming could arrest would be the upraise of sea levels, due to the melting of ice caps and to thermal expansion of the worlds waters. A 100 years from now, if the worst global warming predictions come true, millions of people will be displaced from their homes, which will be submerged. This will have drastic economic and cultural impacts. The effects of the mass displacement on the deliverance could reach far into the future. The loss of farmland, of business districts, etc. may spawn another (much worse) Great low gear in many areas. Forced cultural dispersion will be commonplace, making the ubiquitous problem of the generation gap much more considerable.Many people who would address themselves environmentalists would not necessarily have good knowledge of environmental issues. They may pay lip service to the environmentalist cause without inconveniencing themselves in any respect to protect it. But I would venture to say that a majority of those who call themselves environmentalists would be willing to go out of their way to serve the world.However, it is certain that, as in other controversial issues, there would be much hypocrisy. If by environmentalists we mean those who areor claim to beconcerned about the environment, then certainly most of them would just be claiming belief in the cause, but be too lazy. In them would be an awareness of an idealthe preservation of the environmentbut a lack of initiative, probably because of the lack of any immediate incentives.ReferencesKyoto Protocol, 2006, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Greenhouse Office, procurable at http//www.greenhouse.gov.au/international/kyoto/index.htmlThe Kyoto Protocol, New Zealand Ministry for the Environment, Available at http//www. climatechange.govt.nz/about/kyoto.htmlCascio, Jamais, 2006, Happy Kyoto Day, Available at http//www.worldchanging.com/ muniment/002119.htmlKyoto global warming good stuff or part of a dark conspiracy to dominate the world?, 2006, Available at http//uspolitics.tribe.net/thread/e4978f31-0439-4b70-bbf3-f0ce93a09a42QA The Kyoto Protocol, 2005, BBC News, Available at http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/ 4269921.stmThe Kyoto Protocol A brief summary, 2006, European Union, Available at http//ec.europa.eu/ environment/climat/kyoto.htmKyoto Protocol, 2006, Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., Available at http//en.wikipedia. org/w/index.php? backing=Kyoto_Protocololdid=80236719Kyoto Protocol comes into force, 2005, BBC News, Available at http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/ science/nature/4267245.stm

Critiquing and changing the world through critical theory in traditional and critical theory an essay by max horkheimer Essay Example for Free

Critiquing and changing the knowledge base by means of critical hypothesis in traditional and critical opening an essay by max horkheimer EssayCritical possible action is directed towards both critiquing and changing the world, instead of merely explaining and understand it. The term critical theorywas coined by Max Horkheimer in his essay Traditional and Critical surmisal (1937). By nature, it is radical, emancipatory and highly democratic in nature historically specific only when ever-changing. Even antecede Horkheimer, Karl Marx also contributed to critical theory affirming that philosophers seduce only interpreted the world in certain ways the point is to change it (Theses on Feuerbach). Ontologically, the nature of the world is intrinsically one with diametrically opposed dichotomies of top executive and built-in disadvantaging imbalances and covert, oppressive structures. Horkeimer affirms that critical theorys primary objective is to liberate gentle beings f rom the dowery that enslave them (Horkheimer 1982, 244). Freedom is derived at the epistemic level for knowledge is power (arming the oppressed with weapons to conduct mutation against dominant orders of society, merging theory and action, instigating change in living conditions merges theory and action and align itself to working(a) against diverse dominant orders of society). It appreciates the lived experiences of people and interprets actions and symbols of society to understand genial oppression. Methodologically, critical theory is pluralistic especially as a result of several socio- frugal and political shifts brought about by globalisation. Consequently, several genres of critical theory have emerged, for example racial, post-colonial and feminist.womens liberation movement is any socio-economic, political and cultural move handst aimed at reforming society through equal rights and protections on behalf of the cleaning woman. Mainstream feminism embraces the legality of the woman as an independent individual, promoting full participation, inclusion and integrating to enjoy its rights, responsibilities and privileges. The improvement of the womans cordial condition in civil life hinges on progressivism in where worldly concern policies are the catalysts for positive social change and where she would be emancipated and empowered. Feminism is convinced of the positive potential of woman and the benefits which would redound to the larger society through her empowerment.Feminism is about the social transformation of gender relations (Calas 2009). Feminism is virulently opposed to fe mannish person subjugation, subservience and misogynist injustices reach about to liberate the woman from inhibiting traditions and status quos that tend to undermine the validation of her personhood. Generally, feminists support gender equivalence where both sexes can avail themselves of the same opportunities in both the domestic and public realms. No long-life is a woman an inferior or weaker sex. She is an equal. Feminism also perceives the world through gendered lenses, discerns male person predominance through patriarchal structures and militates against it.An inexhaustible list of variations exists within feminism, for example liberal feminism clamours for womens equality, public rights and inclusion in decision-making and parley. Radical feminism demands a complete and fundamental restructuring and redefining of the worlds institutions, systems and human experience to supersede the male-oriented ones. Marxist feminism concentrates on capitalism as the root cause of female oppression especially in the labour market where men possess more capital and economic privilege. Eco-feminism, Separatist feminism, Post-modern feminism, Third-world feminism, Psychoanalytic feminism, Postcolonial feminism and Amazon feminism among others constitute other types of feminism.Battle of the Sexes (Feminism vs. Machoism) The polarization of men and wome n forms part and parcel in the perpetual battle of the sexes preoccupied with who should be more privileged in societys assigned gender roles. The battle of the sexes is predicated on female identity, autonomy, oppression, disempowerment which all reflects the.Feminism frames a deal that attempts to challenge a longstanding male supremacy. In the past, man held a monopoly over discourse because of inadequate structures (domestic/family, business, labour, education, religion and government) which dictated to the woman. In feminist critical theory, universal criteria are not value-free, but (based) upon male norms (May 2001). Owing to male preponderance, discourse would position the male at the centre so that one sees the male Self as the one who prevails whereas the female Other is relegated to the fringes of society. In the battle, machoism seeks to continue the promulgation of a male-based linear persuasion in ideas, structures, and institutions that cement his control in socie ty. The masculine voice overpowers and represses the woman. Consequently, the answer is to move away from (the) male-centred perspective and place women at its centre (May 2001) effectively questioning the legitimacy of and ousting patriarchal tradition.A Gendered thinkingFeminist theory concentrates on the trajectories of women growing to assert themselves and rise above male oppression, inferiority, sexual outcry and gendered stereotyping. Like men, women have the right to autonomy so she must break the yoke of oppression, repression and suppression. Critical theory is hinged on the ideals of the woman as one who has been unduly victimized and oppressed by the patriarchy. This gender-centred philosophy contends with deep-rooted, sexist prejudice against the woman. It presupposes that phallocentric sexism is still in wide currency, discriminating and denying equality to the woman. Legitimized patriarchy in a world system permitted gross inhumanities and injustices to flourish ag ainst the woman, termed misogyny. Misogynist practices and policies physically and metaphorically rape the woman of her dignity and personhood. In the face of these indignities, feminists perform critical theory by privileging and empowering the woman.Feminist critical theory pinpoints societal two-bagger standards and hypocrisy so that the woman is obliged to abide by different rules inconsistent with fairness. Mainstream critical theory inherently privileges the man while disadvantaging the woman therefore the feminist discourse stresses the loopholes in the patriarchal discourse that tends to discriminate and disempower the woman. The iterate standard code of ethics governs the behaviour of the woman. Even in social research, feminists have succeeded in permeating the topic of double standard research so that other forms of sexism in the externalize of a study may also lead to a double standard in information interpretation (Eichler1999). Critical theory oriented by feminist principles prompts the question is this free from male-dominated standards or double standards Are both sexes considered and privileged? These questions shed light into the validation of the woman where formerly she has been relegated to inferiority and flush anonymity in discourse. Feminism gives birth to female empowerment, yet the discourse often cloaked in anonymity, passivity, obscurity, self-effacement and subjugationGendered Critical TheoryFeminism is committed to reducing the unequal power in relationship (Acker 1983).It holds that equalising power will not be found in some stable orthodoxy but in an evolving dialogue (DeVault 1999). The the idea of objectivity and neutrality in the social sciences (instead)taking the womans perspective (Acker 1983). Despising the positivistic objectivity or the reality of the social world as a system of distinct observable variables independent of the knower (Acker 1983) is another quality of feminist-guided researchsolidarity with experie nces germane to women. Feminism blatantly reject such tenets of mainstream social science as the objectivity and separation of researcher from what or whom is researched, the superiority of the researcher as expert (Small 1995). The attrition of these differences demonstrates a unique equilibrium in social research.Feminism and the Sexual Discourse in I.R.Feminism in I.R. initiates the sexual discourse, boldly tackling topics of gender affect women globally. Rape as a war crime, prostitution and sex slavery, female circumcision, sexual orientation, forms part of the abandoned dialogue. Feminists aim to uncover the impact of culture on female sexual impressions and expression. In feminist discourse, the womans body is not objectified as a sex symbol but is dignified and nonetheless deified as it is liberated from social restraint. The politics of sexuality encapsulates various aspects of the woman owing to the links betwixt gender and sexuality, linguistic usage and gender resea rch inherently leaned on cultural interpretations of sex and sexuality thus the shifts in language and gender (Bucholtz 2004).

Native American Essay Example for Free

primaeval American EssayDuring the second half of the 19th century, the United States Government took all appropriate actions to maintain peace with Native American tribes. what is more the United States was justified in its aggressive measures used to seize primer coat from unruly Native American tribes during the era. There little validity in this statement. During this quantify period American troops were interloping on Native American territory, starting violence, and forcing them out of their homes.The hostility of American Soldiers toward these spate led to several(prenominal) tragedies, such as the Sand Creek Massacre, The Battle of brusque Bighorn, and The Battle at Wounded articulatio genus. It can be notice that the United States was clearly not, in any way, shape, or form, attempting to maintain peace. Insensitivities on behalf of the United States led to several tragedies, the Sand Creek Massacre being a major event. On November 29, 1864, General John Chivin gton lucid troops to attack Chief Black Kettle and his people, after the chief and his people did everything in their great power to keep peace between the opposing sides.To top it all dark, most of the warriors in this tribe were off hunting buffalo, and the tribe was left undefended. Between seventy and eighty Natives were killed. The fighting didnt end there. several(prenominal) years later, on December 29, 1890, a great disaster occurred at nearby Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota. James W. Forsyth and his men massacred the people of Chief Spotted Elk. Around 300 casualties were suffered. The Natives, however, hadnt forever and a day suffered such devastating losses.Between the Sand Creek Massacre and Wounded Knee, at the Battle of Little Bighorn, Colonel George Custer was one of the leaders of the American soldiers who attacked Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull, and their people. On June 25-26, 1876, American Soldiers fought the Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes, suffering a ter rible loss. Although it may seem as though the Native Americans were ruthless savages, this bear witnesss how persistent they were and their ability to overcome. The persistence of these people was also proven by a single man.In 1876, the United States Government was beginning to motor Chiricahua from their reservation in New Mexico. A man named Geronimo fueled the fire of the Native Americans against the American forces. over a period of ten years, Geronimo aided his people in many raids on white settlements, to prove their unwillingness to leave their home. Geronimo may have surrendered, but his bravery Although many may view these as acts of violence, in reality, US Soldiers were no better. The slaughter and removal of hundreds of Native Americans caused them to react in such a violent way.In other words, America brought this upon itself. The Dawes defend was a set of laws enacted to assist Native Americans in their land disputes with American settlers. These laws gave the pr esident the right to survey Indian land and distribute it to individual Natives. The Dawes Act was detrimental to Native Americans because those who werent awarded land became homeless, unlike the previous tribal community they had lived in, where every individual had shelter, but no single person owned the land.The president also had the right to purchase land he had allotted to be used for white settlers. Assimilation also played a wide role in whether Natives would be forced out of their homes. If the Natives would Americanize (so to speak) everything about their lifestyle, they would be permitted to stay on US soil. In conclusion, it can be observed that Native Americans were truly the victim in this situation. They were slaughtered mercilessly, forced out of their homes, made to change their lifestyles, and even considered to be the cause of the violence.Any person who claims Native Americans during this time period as savage murderers would be completely incorrect. These pe ople were merely reacting out of defense and requital for what Americans had done to them. Americans frequently like to believe that the US is always justified in what they atomic number 18 doing they are always the good guy. In this case Americans stooped to a low level to suggest that Indians were to diabolic for the violence.

Toxicity of Energy Drinks Essay Example for Free

Toxicity of Energy Drinks EssayThe new millenary has ushered in a wave of synthetic, caffeinated full(prenominal)- push button drinks targeted at the youth market. Over the past 10 years, the enjoyment of caffeinated beverages mean to energise has increased significantly. Energy drinks were recently shown to comprise 20% of the total convenience break in beverage market, with Red Bull and V accounting for over 97% of sales in this multimillion-dollar industry. 1 Increasingly, toxicity from caffeine overdose is being reported to hospitals and poisons centres. The main active constituents of energy drinks include alter amounts of caffeine, guarana extract, taurine and ginseng. Additional amino acids, vitamins and carbohydrates usually complete the list of purportedly beneficial ingredients. 2 The intended effects of energy drinks ar to provide sustenance and improve performance, concentration and endurance. Manufacturers pitch their product to athletes, students and deal i n professions that require uphold alertness. These drinks are also commonly consumed at dance parties, which require sustained energy for prolonged activity into late hours. In this setting, they may also be combined with alcohol and recreational drugs such as ecstasy (MDMA 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or other amphetamines.Young adults and adolescents are particularly attracted to energy drinks because of effective product marketing, peer influence and a lack of knowledge of the potential harmful effects. 3-5 The high sugar content in caffeinated energy drinks is similar to other soft drinks and is known to contribute to obesity. 6Adverse reactions and toxicity from high-energy drinks stem primarily from their caffeine content. 7 The sympathomimetic effects of high-dose caffeine mostly inform the symptoms and hospital presentations related to energy drinks.There is little published literature on the extent and epidemiology of this problem. Indeed, a recent literature revie w on the effects of energy drinks in children and adolescents found only eighter case reports on medical complications from energy drinks. 8 Our study was undertaken to obtain an understanding of the scope of consumption-related issues and toxicity from caffeinated energy drinks in Australia by analysing data from calls to the NSW Poisons Information Centre (NSWPIC) the largest centre of its type in Australia, victorious about 110 000 calls per year, which is 50% of all poisoning-related calls in the country. Methods We undertook a retrospective review at the NSWPIC. entropy included calls providing advice to the general public and health professionals. Calls from New South Wales, Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory are exclusively handled by NSWPIC from 6 am to midnight an after-hours call-sharing system is in place with interstate poisons centres. morals approval was obtained from the human research ethics committee of the Childrens Hospital at Westmead.

Organic Foods Pdf Essay Example for Free

Organic food for thoughts Pdf EssayAbstract During the last decade, insect bitesumers trust in aliment step has reduced drastically, importantly because of growing ecological aw beness and several food s pratdals (e. g. BSE, dioxins, bacterial contamination). It has been found that intensive established agriculture privy introduce contaminants into the food chain. Consumers turn in started to look for safer and correct underwriteled foods produced in more environmentally friendly, authentic and local systems. Organically produced foods atomic number 18 astray believed to satisfy the above demands, leading to start environmental impacts and laster alimentary values. So far, studies have partly con? rmed this opinion. Organic reapings contain fewer treats, nitrites and pesticide residues exactly, as a rule, more dry matter, vitamin C, phenolic compounds, essential amino acids and total sugars than unoriginal crops. Organic crops overly contain statistically mor e mineral compounds and unremarkably have correct sensory and long-term retentiveness qualities. However, there atomic number 18 also whatever negatives demonstrates cultivated in total systems generally have 20% cut suffers than unoriginally produced crops.Several important worrys need to be addressed in the coming eld environmental, bacterial and fungal contamination of complete crops and, the around essential issue, the impact of fundamental food uptake on animal and benevolent health. 2007 Society of Chemical Industry Keywords fundamental shew crops feeling yield piece of writing nutrition vitamins phenolics sugars nitrates nitrites pesticides dry matter health sensory qualities.FACTORS INFLUENCING THE timber OF ORGANIC PLANT nutrition PRODUCTS There are several important factors in?uencing the quality of food products that also are pertinent to organically produced deeds products. As illustrated in Fig. 1, the basic factors are the quality of the envir onment (abiotic factors) and the levels of pest and pathogen detriment (biotic factors) to which demonstrates are subjected.The main components of the environment (air, water, soil) have to be unpolluted if the crops obtained are expected to be of high nutrient quality. Many environmental contaminants enter the food production chain (soilplantanimal humans organism), causing signi? rottert problems in human health.1 These contaminants include heavy metals, pesticide residues, nitrogen compounds, mycotoxins, chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), aromatic hydrocarbons (e. g. benzoapyrene), plant growth stimulators (e. g. choline chloride), antibiotics, hormones, radioactive isotopes and plastic substances (monomers). Climate and weather are also important factors, as well up as soil type and pH, soil cultivation, fertilisation and conditions of crop storage after harvest. ? Biotic factors can have also a signi? bevel impact on crop quality. The main biotic factors are cultivar choice, b acterial and fungal contamination (disease) and pest damage.Cultivars of the same crop species can differ signi? cantly in nourishing quality. For example, the satisfy of ? carotene in carrots (Daucus carota L. ) can vary between 7. 19 and 13. 84 mg g? 1 depending on the cultivar. 2 The main potential source of bacterial contamination in plant crops is animal mud utilize in organic farming. Contamination can take place via the root or by water splashing onto the leaf surfaces. The intimately important organisms are several species of facultative anaerobic bacteria (Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli O157H7, Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium botulinum, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis), protozoa (Toxoplasma gondii), tapeworms, viruses and prions.The contri thates obtained so far are contradictory. slightly studies direct up high(prenominal)(prenominal) bacterial contamination in organic crops, while separatewises show the opposite. 3 Mycotoxins (prod uced by fungi) depart mostly in the ? eld further can also develop during storage. Owing to the fact that fungicides are non used Correspondence to Ewa Rembialkowska, Organic Foodstuffs Division, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw Agricultural University, Nowoursynowska 159 C, PL-02-776 capital of Poland, Poland email ewa emailprotected pl (Received 24 October 2006 revised version received 29 January 2007 accepted 8 February 2007).Figure 1. Factors in? uencing the quality of organic food products. in organic agriculture, some authors believe that organically produced foods will contain higher(prenominal) concentrations of mycotoxins. However, literature reviews show that mycotoxin concentrations are usually confusable or reduced in organic compared with unoriginal products. 4 The most notorious mycotoxins are those produced by Fusarium species on cereal crops and maize.One of the reasons for lower Fusarium infections in organic grains could be the lower n itrogen concentrations in the tissues. 5 Insect pests also exert an in? uence on crop quality. Because of the expatriate on synthetic pesticides in organic agriculture, insects practically damage fruits and vegetables, thereby diminishing their yield and harming their appearance. However, it is not profess believe whether they also reduce their nutritive quality. In contrast, there is tell apart that organically gravid plants contain more phytochemicals (which are natural insecticides) and are therefore more insusceptible to insect damage.6 They can also play a positive role in human health, because several phytochemicals, being plant defence compounds, are committed with possible health bene? ts (Brandt K, unwritten creation at QLIF Congress, Newcastle, 2005). Regulations on organic plant production allow actions that avoid many negative features of crop quality if they are consistently performed by producers. In order to ful? l these demands and to offer highquality produ cts to consumers, an ef? cient and airtight certi? cation and control system must be implemented.In most countries much(prenominal) systems are quite ef?cient, though a rapid increase in the number of organic farms could lead to problems with a subsequent loosening of restrictive control. and then the main rule should be trust is good, but control is better. Moreover, the ? nal quality of organic food products is in? uenced by the effective implementation of 2758 the regulations on animal production and organic food processing. Only precise ful? lment of all these regulations can guarantee the best organic food quality (Fig. 1). rival OF REGULATION ON ORGANIC PLANT PRODUCTION The regulations for organic plant production are clear and detailed.7 The European Union (EU) regulation published in 19918 contains parts that relate directly to the composition of organic plant products. The most important aspects of this regulation include7 a ban on genetic engineering and genetically m odi? ed organisms (GMOs) lower nitrogen levels a maximum limit for manure application of 170 kg N ha? 1 year? 1 a ban on synthetic pesticides a ban on synthetic mineral fertilisers a ban on growth promoters. Organic farmers must follow the above regulations if they want to pass the inspection procedure either year and receive a certi? cation document.If all requirements are complied with, several qualitative results can be expected. The most important conclusions from scienti? c comparisons are assumption below. CONTAMINANTS Nitrates and nitrites A large amount of data shows that the content of nitrates and nitrites is understandably higher in formally cultivated than in organic crops. This is important, because nitrates can comfortably be born-again into nitrites, which can cause a dangerous illness called methaemoglobinaemia in babies, infants and elderly people. 9 J Sci Food Agric 8727572762 (2007) DOI 10. 1002/jsfa whole tone of organic plant products.Moreover, nitr ites can react with amines to create nitrosamines, which are carcinogenic and mutagenic substances causing cancer of the digestive tract and leukaemia. 10 This process is dangerous not save for young children but also for adults of any age. Based on a large amount of data, the nitrate content of organic and customary crops has been compared. On average, the nitrate content of organic crops was 49% that of conventional crops. 11 These and other data provide a basis for stating that organic methods lead to an approximately 50% decline in the intake of nitrates and nitrites by humans.Pesticides Governments place legal limits, know as the Maximum Residue direct (MRL), on the level of pesticides that can be present in food. The MRL is usually estimated by testing item-by-item pesticides on rats. Governments carry that consumption of pesticides below the MRL is not a health risk. However, at lower levels, pesticides are known or suspected to cause many diseases and health problems, including cancer. 12 The main problem is that the MRL for pesticides is usually estimated by testing individual pesticides on rats for a relatively short period.Virtually nothing is known approximately the effects of consuming combinations of potentially hundreds of varied pesticides over the course of a lifetime. We do not and cannot know explicitly what is causing what, so precaution is the main tool available to us (Howard V, oral presentation at QLIF Congress, Newcastle, 2005). The levels of pesticide residues found in organic crops are de? nitely lower than those present in conventional crops (Howard V, oral presentation at QLIF Congress, Newcastle, 2005). It can be expected that eating organic foods will result in lower pesticide levels in human milk and body tissues.There is some severalise con? rming this hypothesis. Researchers in France found that the level of pesticide residues in the milk of breast-feeding women decreased signi? cantly with an increase in the proporti on of organic food in the daily diet (from 25 to 80%). 13 All available results show that the content of pesticide residues is signi? cantly lower in organic crops, which creates safer health conditions for consumers eating organically. Heavy metals Heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, arsenic, mercury and zinc are introduced into the food chain from diverse sources, including industry, conveyance, communal wastes and agriculture.For example, mineral phosphoric fertilisers used in conventional agriculture can introduce cadmium into crops, but the metal industry and transportation also cause cadmium contamination of soils and crops. Therefore there are no clear results in studies comparing the levels of J Sci Food Agric 8727572762 (2007) DOI 10. 1002/jsfa heavy metals in organic and conventional crops. Some data point to higher levels in conventional crops, while others show the opposite. 11 A problem to be solved is whether organic farming (composting, increasing the organic matter in soil, pH, etc. ) can diminish the intake of heavy metals by cultivated plants.DESIRABLE COMPOUNDS IN PLANTS Vitamins, phenolic compounds and mineral compounds The nutritive value of foods depends mainly on them having the appropriate content of compounds indispensable for proper functioning of the human organism. The content of phyto-compounds in plant foods is a topic of great interest in food science nowadays. A growing body of evidence indicates that secondary plant metabolites (phytochemicals) play a critical role in human health and may be nutritionally important. 14 There are two main theories explaining the factors in? uencing the levels of compounds in plants.15 The carbon/nitrogen (C/N) balance theory states that, when nitrogen is easily available, the plant will ? rst make compounds with high nitrogen content, e. g. proteins for growth and nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, glucosinolates and non-protein amino acids such as the Allium ? avour precursors. When nitrogen availability is limiting for growth, the metabolism changes more towards carboncontaining compounds, e. g. starch, cellulose and non-nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites such as phenolics and terpenoids. The second, newer theory is the growth/ differentiation balance hypothesis (GDBH).15 It states that the plant will always esteem the resources available to it and optimise its investment in processes directed towards growth or differentiation. The term differentiation encompasseses increase formation of defence compounds as well as accelerated maturation and seed development. The C/N balance theory is a special and typical case of the GBDH theory, since low nitrogen availability is the most common growth-limiting condition in natural ecosystems. 15 To verify the above theories, several authors investigated the content of some vitamins and phyto-compounds in organically and conventionally produced crops.In order to summarise different data, for each or ganicconventional comparison a % difference was calculated (organic ? conventional)/conventional ? 100 The collected data for several suitable components are presented in Table 1. The role of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in the human organism is basic for several metabolous functions, mainly because it is one of the major cellular direct antioxidants (along with glutathione) and is a 2759 E Rembialkowska Table 1. Contents of desirable components in organic crops relative to those in conventional crops Component Vitamin C Phenolic compounds Iron milligram Phosphorus Mean % difference +28.7 +119. 3 +21. 1 +29. 3 +13. 6 Range (%) ? 38 to +135. 5 ? 56. 6 to +734. 2 ? 73 to +240 ? 35 to +1206 ? 44 to +240 Number of studies 21 15 16 17 18 production and reduces carbohydrate production. Moreover, the increased protein produced in response to high nitrogen levels contains lower amounts of certain essential amino acids such as lysine and therefore has a lower quality with see to human nutrit ion. Source Ref. 17 and authors own calculations. cofactor for certain enzymes. Vitamin C also supports detoxication and ohmic resistance of the human organism. The higher content of vitamin C in organic crops is bene?cial to health, because vitamin C inhibits the in situ formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines, thus diminishing the negative impact of nitrates on the human organism. 10 Therefore organic vegetables can play an important anticarcinogenic role. Plant-based phenolic metabolites are particularly interesting because of their potential antioxidant activity and medical properties, including anticarcinogenic activity. 15 According to Benbrook,16 organic farming has elevated antioxidant levels in about 85% of the cases studied to date and, on average, levels are about 30% higher compared with foods grown conventionally.Mineral compounds containing iron, magnesium and phosphorus are aboriginal for human health. According to Worthington,17 the higher mineral content in organic crops may be connected with the higher abundance of micro-organisms in organically managed soil. These micro-organisms produce many compounds that help plants to combine with soil minerals and make them more available to plant roots. Unfortunately, there have been completely a few studies on other vitamins such as ? -carotene, B1 and B2 and the results are contradictory. Therefore no general conclusions can be drawn about these compounds.Total sugars A higher total sugar content in plant crops not alone improves their taste but is also an important component of their technological quality, e. g. in the case of sugar beet. Studies intelligibly indicate a higher content of total sugars, mainly sucrose, in organically produced vegetables and fruits such as carrots, sugar beet, red beetroot, potatoes, spinach, Savoy cabbage, cherries, redcurrants and apples. 11,18 Proteins Several studies analysed in review papers11 show that the quantity of crude protein is lower in organic than in conventional crops but that the quality is better as measured by essential amino acid content.According to Worthington,17 nitrogen from any kind of fertiliser affects the quantity and quality of protein produced by plants. Provision of a large amount of nitrogen to a plant increases protein 2760 SENSORY QUALITY OF ORGANIC FOODS Many studies have proved quite unequivocally that vegetables and fruits from organic farms have a better taste and smell. This was found for carrots and potatoes, celery and red beetroot, head cabbage and tomatoes as well as for apples, cherries and redcurrants.11 Organic fruits contained more total sugars, which probably in?uenced the better taste perception by consumers. break off taste and smell have also been found for bread made from organic grain, which also had better crumb elasticity. 6 Interesting studies have been conducted on animal food gustatory perception in which animals were given organic or conventional fodder.Most studies have proved a cl ear animal preference for foods produced organically such studies have been conducted on rats, mice, hens and rabbits. 19 Preference for organic fodder was also discovered in cases where, according to chemical analyses, both(prenominal) organic and conventional fodder ful?lled all physiological inescapably of the animals tested. 20 The reason for this was probably the difference in taste between organic and conventional fodder. repositing QUALITY OF ORGANIC PLANT CROPS Transpiration losses and decay processes, as well as changes in nutritive value, normally take place during the storage period of potatoes and other vegetables. However, these changes can proceed at different rates and to differing degrees. Most of the available data indicate that the decay process is slower in organic crops, which therefore show better storage quality after the winter period.A review take based on many sources21 concluded that the storage quality of vegetables and fruits was better in the case o f plants grown on organic farms (Table 2). The better storage quality of organic crops Table 2. Storage losses of carrots, potatoes and several(a) fruits and vegetables from organic (ORG) and conventional (CONV) farmsa Carrots Potatoes Fruits and vegetables ORG CONV ORG CONV ORG CONV Number of quoted studies Storage loss (% of initial mass) a 15 33 15 40 22 22 22 30 53 28 53 38 bonny data based on literature review.21 J Sci Food Agric 8727572762 (2007) DOI 10. 1002/jsfa Quality of organic plant products Table 3. Positive nutritive attributes of organic plant products No. 1 2 3 4 5 Attribute Organic crops contain fewer nitrates, nitrites and pesticide residues than conventional crops. There is no clear difference in the content of heavy metals between organic and conventional crops Organic plant products contain, as a rule, more dry matter, vitamin C, phenolic compounds, essential amino acids and total sugars. However, the level of ?-carotene is often higher in conventional plant p roducts Organic plant products contain statistically more iron, magnesium and phosphorus. They also tend to contain more chromium, iodine, molybdenum, selenium, calcium, boron, manganese, copper, potassium, sodium, wagon trainadium and zinc Organic plant products usually have better sensory quality. They have a clearer smell and taste and are sweeter and more compact because of their higher dry matter content Preference for organic products is typical not only for humans but also for animals such as rats, rabbits and hens.This preference was also observed in cases where, according to chemical analyses, both organic and conventional fodder ful? lled all physiological needs of the animals tested Vegetables and fruits from organic production maintain better quality during winter storage, showing lower mass losses due to transpiration, decay and vector decomposition processes. A possible reason for this is their higher content of dry matter, minerals, sugars and other bioactive compou nds 6 Table 4. prejudicious and unclear aspects of organic plant products No.1 Negative aspect Plants cultivated in organic systems have, as a rule, signi?cantly (on average 20%) lower yields than conventionally produced crops. This increases their price and creates for many consumers a rampart to buying organic foods Unclear aspect Environmental contamination (heavy metals, PCBs, dioxins, aromatic hydrocarbons) can be similar in organic and conventional crops, because the impact of industrial, transport and communal sources is similar on organic and conventional farms located in the same area Bacterial (mainly Salmonella and Campylobacter)Contamination can sometimes be higher in organic produce, but scienti?c evidence of this is still not clear Mycotoxins can grime both organic and conventional foods, but scienti? c data are contradictory The impact of organic food consumption on human health and wellbeing remains essentially unknown in spite of some positive indications, so the subject needs further study 2 3 4 was probably associated with a higher content of dry matter in their ? esh, resulting in less(prenominal) extensive decay and decomposition. Lower losses in organic production have not only nutritive but also economic bene? ts.In conventional systems, high yields are produced but signi?cant losses during storage reduce the economic bene? ts. CONCLUSIONS Recent food crises (BSE, foot and mouth disease, food contamination by dioxins, toxic fungi, Salmonella and Campylobacter bacteria) have caused consumers to look for more authentic and safer foods. Organic food production is widely recognised as being more friendly to the environment, more controlled and better for animal welfare. On the other hand, many data indicate that a lot of food contaminants have their source in conventional methods of agriculture, animal production and food processing.The negative effect of the continuing enthusiastic use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides in agricultur e is potentially huge. Therefore safer methods of agricultural production, mostly organic methods, are very important. Studies conducted in various countries have indicated several positive attributes of organic plant J Sci Food Agric 8727572762 (2007) DOI 10. 1002/jsfa products (Table 3) but also a few negative and unclear aspects (Table 4). To summarise the positives, organic food should be recommended for all, but especially for young babies, pregnant and breast-feeding women, elderly and chronically ill people and vegetarians.The last group simply consumes a lot of vegetables, which can contain too high levels of carcinogenic substances when produced conventionally. The lower content of nitrates and higher content of phenolic compounds and vitamin C in organic crops are especially important for health. Nitrates are easily converted in the digestive tract into poisonous nitrites, which are the precursors of carcinogenic nitrosamines. This process is hampered by vitamin C, and ca rcinogenesis is retard by phenolic compounds and other dietary phytochemicals present at higher levels in organically produced crops.Therefore organic vegetables can play an important anticarcinogenic role. REFERENCES 1 Rembialkowska E, Organic agriculture and food quality, in bionomical Agriculture and Rural Development in Central and Eastern European Countries, Vol. 44 of NATO Science Series, ed. by Filho WL. IOS Press, Amsterdam, pp. 185204 (2004). 2761 E Rembialkowska ? ? 2 Schuphan W, Biochemische Sortenprufung an Gartenmohren ? ? als neuzeitliche Grundlage fur planvolle Zuchtungsarbeit. Z? chter 22543 (1942).U 3 Franz E, van Bruggen AHC and Semenov AM, Risk-analysis of human pathogen spread in the vegetable industry a comparison between organic and conventional production chains, in Bayesian Statistics and Quality Modelling in the AgroFood Production Chain, ed. by van Boekel MAJS, Stein A and van Bruggen AHC. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp. 8194 (2004). 4 FAO, Food Safety as impact by Organic Farming (Twentysecond FAO Regional Conference for Europe). Online. (2000). Available www. fao. org/docrep/meeting/x4983. htm. 5 Van Bruggen AHC and Termorshuizen AJ, interconnected approaches to root disease management in organic farming systems.Aust Plant Pathol 32141156 (2003). 6 Bjorn G and Fruekilde AM, Cepa onions (Allium cepa L) grown conventionally and organically similarities and differences. Gron Viden 15316 (2003). (in Danish). 7 Hansen B, Alroe HF, Kristensen ES and Wier M, Assessment of food resort in organic farming. DARCOF Working Paper 52 (2002). 8 EU, Council Regulation No. 2092/91 of 24 June 1991 on organic production of agricultural products and indications referring thereto on agricultural products and foodstuffs. OJL 198, 22. 7 P. 1 (1991). ? 9 Szponar L and Kierzkowska E, Azotany i azotyny w srodowisku oraz ich wplyw na zdrowie czlowieka.Post Hig Med Do? w s 44327350 (1990). 10 Mirvish SS, Vitamin C inhibition of N-nitroso compounds format ion. Am J Clin Nutr 57598599 (1993). 11 Rembialkowska E, Wholesomeness and Sensory Quality of Potatoes and Selected Vegetables from the Organic Farms. Fundacja ? Rozwoj SGGW, Warszawa (2000). 12 BMA, The BMA Guide to Pesticides, Chemicals and Health. Report of Science and Education. British Medical Association, London (1992). 13 Aubert C, Pollution du lait maternel, une enquete de terre vivante. Quatre Saisons Jardinage 423339 (1987).14 Lundeg? rdh B and M?rtensson A, Organically produced plant a a foods evidence of health bene? ts. Acta Agric Scand B 53315 (2003). 15 Brandt K and Molgaard JP, Organic agriculture does it elevate or reduce the nutritional value of plant foods? J Sci Food Agric 81924931 (2001). 16 Benbrook CM, Elevating Antioxidant Levels in Food through Organic Farming and Food Processing. An Organic magnetic core of Science Review. Organic Center for Education and Promotion (2005). 17 Worthington V, Nutritional quality of organic versus conventional fruits, veget ables, and grains. J Alternative Compl Med 7161173 (2001).18 Zadoks JC, Development of Farming Systems. Pudoc, Wageningen (1989). 19 Williams CM, Nutritional quality of organic food shades of white-haired(a) or shades of green? Proc Nutr Soc 611924 (2002). ? 20 Woese K, Lange D, Boess Ch and Bogl KW, A comparison of organically and conventionally grown foods results of a review of the relevant literature. J Sci Food Agric 74281293 (1997). 21 Bulling W, Qualit? tsvergleich von biologisch und konventionell a erzeugten Feldfruchten. Regierungsprasidium, Stuttgart (1987). 2762 J Sci Food Agric 8727572762 (2007) DOI 10. 1002/jsfa.

Frankenstein and Blade Runner Essay Example for Free

Frankenstein and wind vane polish offshoot EssayFrankenstein and blade runner essay Which text do you feel better re indues the set of the composer? You must refer to both texts in detail bloody shame Shelleys Frankenstein and Ridley Scotts vane Runner atomic number 18 two texts from different centuries, but they both sh are the same values, themes and issues including the instinctive world, scientific advancement, faith of humans and responsibility. Both texts use a variety of techniques to represent their values, themes and issues. The techniques used in both texts are reflective of their context and are satisfactory to strongly represent the values of both Frankenstein and Blade Runner. Mary Shelleys Frankenstein was written in 1818. This was a period w present romanticism was developing, a time which focused on the sublimity of record and on the individual. This theme is evident throughout the novel and is used to emphasise the emotions of the characters and to sugge st the provide of nature for both beauty and destruction. Shelley often uses the sublimity of nature as an invigorating device for victor, when happy, inanimate nature had the power of bestowing on me the most delightful sensations. A serene sky and verdant fields modify me with ecstasy.The present season was indeed divine the flowers of spring bloomed in the hedges, while those of summer were already in bud. Vivid imagery is used here to illuminate the peacefulness and contemplation of the sublime nature that is endlessly surrounding victor. Shelley has also illustrated this notion further by the use of alliteration, serene sky, to capture how amend the world is at that time, which reinforces the peacefulness of nature and how victor feels when he is surrounded by the ingrained world. Ridley Scotts Blade Runner is set in a corrupted 21st ascorbic acid world.Similarly to Frankenstein, the natural world is evident but in Blade Runner it is seen as the unnatural world. In the archetypal panoramic shot, the audience sees a destroyed world, a dark industrial urban wasteland which is intemperately polluted. Visual irony is created here as it is meant to be Los Angeles, which means city of angels, but we see that it looks more than like hell. We see that nature has been destroyed. Animals are rare and are presumed extinct, although the unicorn is seen as a natural wight in a natural setting.The unicorn symbolises the ambiguity of hope, freedom and spirit. There is no sign of any trees or plants except for a miniature Bonsai tree symbolising mans inherent desire to control nature to align to what humanity believes is a better version. We also see constant darkness and rain, which is go to sleepn as mental picture noir and are the only aspects the audience sees when in an outside scene. The panoramic shot and film noir speculate the natural is now off world, that there is nothing natural, which creates a post apocalyptic tone.Shelleys world was travel fo rward into the direction of industrialisation, exploration and scientific research. This is conveyed through characters such as Victor, Walton and Clerval who are all searching, exploring and attempting to exculpate a discovery. We see in the start of the book Victor has an interest for natural philosophical system, natural philosophy is the genius that has regulated my fate. The use of personification suggests that natural philosophy is a person that Victor idolises and wants to know everything he possibly can about it causing his interest to turn into an obsession. i became dizzy with greatness of the prospect which it illustrated, as surprised, that among so many men of genius who had directed their enquiries towards the same science, that i completely should be reserved to discover so astonishing a secret. This quote establishes that Victor is intelligent and is able to intellectually break barriers beyond those that have ever been broken and discover the source of life. H ence, now cosmos able to create his monster. Similarly in Scotts film we see that 21st century L.A is all about scientific activity and advancements in technology. It is a world based on commerce, as we can see throughout the entire film through the blimp that promotes going off world and big wall signs i. e. the Asian lady taking pills. Technology is also used to happen what is and isnt human i. e. the Voight Komph test. Disembodied voices are used on the street i. e. when crossing roads it says qualifying and dont walk. All these aspects of technology are a way of controlling the universe of L. A.Scientific activity is seen through Tyrell, a scientist, who is the creator of all replicant things i. e. humans and animals. Commerce is our goal here and our motto is more human than human, this quote was said by Tyrell and reflects on Tyrells military strength towards life. He takes the role of God, creating life trying to make the replicants smarter and stronger than real humans, feeling as though he is dominant over everyone else in the world. This is shown through upwards tilt of the camera on Tyrells building, do him appear larger and above everybody else.Victor Frankenstein does not truly contemplate of foresee the consequences of his scientific require to create life, nor does he take the moral responsibility for his creation afterwards. Victor continually justifies why he refuses to take responsibility for his creation, which is solely because he doesnt want to incriminate himself and be punished, although he declared a new species would bless me as its create and source many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me. This shows Victors lack of morality and reveals his ego through the use of unreliable narrator. Scotts film raises anguishs of scientific advancements and its lack of morality and responsibility for those it affects. Blade Runner represents its values through ambiguity. Blade Runner leaves it up to the viewers own judgem ent of morality and responsibility within the film. An modelling of this is through the use of cinematography in the scene where Deckard retires Zhora. Passersby walk past without showing any concern or emotion to what has happened.The lack of morality and responsibility arouses deep emotions of anger and dislike. Scott is not as emphatic in representing his values as Shelley is. Through the use of camera shots, cinematography and irony he comfortably represents his values but through the use of ambiguity he leaves things for interpretation from the viewers. Due to the ambiguity present in Blade Runner, some viewers may be unable to identify the values that are present, so therefore the values stated in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein are better represented.